Vedatom Physics Thermodynamics / ◈ The Lab
Heat & work — sign convention
First law: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW — heat supplied = rise in internal energy + work done by the gas.
Heat Q: + when supplied TO the system, − when released.
Work W: + when done BY the gas (expansion), − on compression.
ΔU depends only on the end states (a state function); Q and W depend on the path. Over a full cycle ΔU = 0.
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Thermo Lab · all topics
Part III · Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics & Heat

Heat is molecules in motion — so watch them move. Squeeze the gas, add heat, run the cycle, and read P, V, T straight off the bench as the physics happens.

THERMAL CHAMBER · IDEAL GAS
T    = 300 K
P    = 1.00 atm
v_rms = 400 m/s
N    = 30
½m<v²> = (3/2)kT
faster = hotter = redder
6 modules/ diagram · micro · 3D/ PV · Carnot · Maxwell/ exam-ready

The modules

six benches · grouped to mirror the three books
Chapter 1 · Full book

Thermal Properties

three benches — temperature, heat & how matter responds
▤ Read the book →
01 Thermometry & Expansion
START
°C · °F · K ΔL = LαΔT thermal stress
02 Calorimetry & Change of State 🔒 Locked
Q = mcΔT latent heat method of mixtures
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06 Heat Transfer 🔒 Locked
hot cold
Q/t = kA·ΔT/L E = σT⁴ Newton cooling
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Chapter 2 · Full book

Laws of Thermodynamics

two benches + sign helper — the First & Second Laws at work
▤ Read the book →
04 Laws of Thermodynamics 🔒 Locked
P V
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW work = area adiabatic PVᵞ
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05 Heat Engines & 2nd Law 🔒 Locked
W
η = 1 − Q_c/Q_h Carnot entropy
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± Sign Convention Helper
The Q, W and ΔU bookkeeping helper — fix the signs before every First-Law problem, then take them into the benches above.
Q in / out W by / on gas ΔU = Q − W
Chapter 3 · Full book

Kinetic Theory

one bench — the molecular picture behind pressure & temperature
▤ Read the book →
03 Kinetic Theory of Gases 🔒 Locked
PV = nRT v_rms = √3RT/M Maxwell
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🌡️
One colour scale, cold to hot
Every rod, gas and PV region is tinted along the same ramp — so "hot" always looks the same across the chapter.
coldhot
▤
Read it as a book
Three full volumes — theory, worked examples and exam banks — with these benches embedded inline where each idea lands.
Open the Full Book →
📄
Glossary — every definition & formula
One printable sheet across all six modules. Fractions stacked, ready for revision.
Open & print →